PTU - Polskie Towarzystwo Urologiczne
list of articles:

Urolithiasis (part III). Diagnostic procedures, conservative treatment and prophylaxis of recurrent urolithiasis in children
Article published in Urologia Polska 2005/58/4.

authors

Bożena Eberdt-Gołąbek
Instytut Matki i Dziecka w Warszawie, Klinika Pediatrii
Dyrektor instytutu: prof. dr hab. Wojciech Woźniak
Kierownik kliniki: prof. dr hab. Andrzej Milanowski

keywords

urinary tract, urolithiasis, diagnostic procedures, clinical symptoms, conservative treatment, prophylaxis

summary

introduction
Urolithiasis is a disorder which is a significant and at the same time a difficult clinical problem, both from the diagnostic and therapeutic aspect. In this study, similarly to the previous one, our work and experience in this field of over 25 years, is presented.
the aim of the study
The aim was to show the specificity of the clinical picture of urolithiasis in children as compared with adults, to present the recommended diagnostic procedures and conservative treatment as well as the prophylaxis in different types of renal stone formation.
conclusions
Every patient with urolithiasis must undergo diagnostic procedures which will determine the precise etiology of the disorder. This is possible in the majority of cases. In recurrent urolithiasis the etiology can be established in 100% of patients. Systematically carried out, proper prophylactic procedures, prevent recurrence of urolithiasis.

references

  1. Gołąbek B, Słowik M, Jaros I i in: 25-letnie doświadczenie w zakresie profilaktyki nawrotowej kamicy układu moczowego u dzieci. Urol Pol 2004, 57, 82-89.
  2. Pak CYC, Watres O, Arnold L et al: Mechanism for calcium urolithiasis among patiens with hyperuricosuria: Supersaturation of urine with respect to monosodium urate. J Clin Invest 1977, 59, 426-431.
  3. Yendt ER: Renal calculi. Canad Med Assoc J 1970, 102, 479-489.
  4. Zinsser H, Karp F: How to diminish endogenous oxalate excretion. Invest Urol 1973, 10, 249-252.
  5. Emmett M, Guirl MJ, Santa Ana CA et al: Conjugated bile acid replacement therapy reduces urinary oxalate excretion in short bowel syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 41, 230-237.
  6. Solomous CC, Goodman SI, Riley CM et al: Calcium carbimide in the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria. N Engl J Med 1967, 276, 207-210.
  7. Silver L, Brendler H: Use of magnesium oxide in management familiar hyperoxaluria. J Urol 1971, 106, 274-279.
  8. Dent CE, Stamp TC: Treatment of primary hyperoxaluria. Arch Dis Child 1970, 45, 735-745.
  9. Hoppe B, Langman CB: A United States survey on diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of primary hyperoxaluria. Pediatr Nephrol 2003, 18, 986-991.
  10. Chetyrkin SV, Kim D, Belmont JM et al: Pyridoxamine lowers kidney crystals in experimental hyperoxaluria: a potential therapy for prymary hyperoxaluria. Kidney Int 2005, 67, 53-60.
  11. Astarcioglu I, Karademir S, Gulay H et al: Primary hyperoxaluria: simultaneous combined liver and kidney transplantation from a living related donor. Liver Transpl 2003, 9, 433-436.
  12. Gagnadoux MF, Lacaille F, Niaudet P et al: Long term results of liver-kidney transplantation in children with primary hyperoxaluria. Pediatr Nephrol 2001, 16, 946-950.
  13. Tapaneya-Olarn W, Khositseth S, Tapaneya-Olarn C et al: The optimal dose of potassium citrate in the treatment of children with distal renal tubular acidosis. J Med Assoc Thai 2002, 85 Suppl 4, 1143-1149.
  14. Domrongkitchaipom S, Khositseth S, Stitchantrakul W et al: Dosage of potassium citrate in the correction of urinary abnormalities in pediatric distal renal tubular acidosis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 39, 383-391.
  15. Sakhaee E, Nicar M, Hill K et al: Contrasting effects of potassium citrate and sodium citrate therapies on urinary chemistries and crystallization of stone-forming salts. Kidney Int 1983, 24, 348-352.
  16. Fjellstedt E, Denneberg T: A comparison of the effects of potassium citrate and sodium bicarbonate in the alkalization of urine in homozygots cystynurie. Urol Research 2001, 29, 299-302.
  17. Dent CE, Senior B, Walshe IM et al: The pathogenesis of cystynuria. Studies of the metabolism of sulphur containing aminoacids. J Clin Invest 1954, 33, 1216-1221.
  18. Norman R, Manette W: Dietary restriction of sodium as a means of reducing urinary cystine. J Urol 1990, 143, 1193-1195.
  19. Rodriguez LM, Santos F, Malaga S et al: Effect of a low sodium diet on urinary elimination of cystinuric children. Nephron 1995, 71, 416-418.
  20. Rasmussen K: Observation during treatment of cystinuria with d-penicilamine. Acta Med Scand 1971, 189, 367-372.
  21. Rose DB: Cystine stones. UpToDate 2002, 10, 1.
  22. Rose DB: Cystine stones. UpToDate 2005, 13, 2.
  23. Ross J, Mc Ginty T et al: Penicillamine nephropathy. Nephron 1980, 26, 184-186.
  24. Chow GK, Streem SB: Medical treatment of cystinuria: results of contemporary clinical practice. J Urol 1996, 156, 1576-1578.
  25. Lindell A, Dennerberg T, Jeppsson JO et al: Urinary excreation of free cystine and the tiopromin-cysteine-mixed disulfide during long-term tiopromin treatment of cystinuria. Nephron 1995, 71, 328-342.
  26. Gołąbek B, Słowik M, Grabowska M i in: Ocena skuteczności leczenia i profilaktyki kamicy nawrotowej układu moczowego u dzieci. Med Wieku Rozwoj 1999, 2, 259-281.
  27. Alvarez Navascues R, Vidau Arguakes P, Rodriguez Suarez C et al: Nephrotic syndrome and anasarca status, secondary to treatment with tiopronin in a case of cystynuria. Arch Esp Urol 2001, 54, 438-440.
  28. Conde Sanchez JM, Reina Ruiz C, Amaya, Gutierrez J et al: Cystine calculii prevention with Captopril. Clinical case. Actas Urol Esp 2000, 24, 190-196.
  29. Perazella M, Buller G: Successful treatment of cystynuria with Captopril. Am J Kidney Dis 1995, 25, 661-662.
  30. Cohen TD, Streem SB, Hall P et al: Clinical effect of Captopril on the formation and growth of cystine calculi. J Urol 1995, 154, 164-168.
  31. Rogowska-Kalisz A, Bilińska W, Nowicki M et al: Korzystny efekt leczenia inhibitorem enzymu konwertującego angiotensynę w ciężkiej cystynowej kamicy nerkowej. Pol Merkuriusz Lek 2003, 14, 253-255.
  32. Michelakakis H, Delis D, Anastasidou V et al: Ineffectivnes of Captopril in reducing excesion in cystynuric children. J Inher Met Dis 1993, 16, 1042-1043.
  33. Coulthard MG, Richardson J, Freetwood A: The treatment of cystinuria with Captopril. Am J Kidney Dis 1995, 25, 661-662.
  34. Thier O, Segal S: Cystynuria. W: The metabolic basis of inherited disease. Red: Stanbury J. Wangaarden J. Grow Hill Com 1978, 1505-1516.
  35. Knoll T, Zollner A, Wendt-Nordam G: Cystinuria in childhood and adolescence: recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Pediatr Nephrol 2005, 20, 19-24.

correspondence

Bożena Eberdt-Gołąbek
Klinika Pediatrii
ul. Kasprzaka 17a
01-211 Warszawa
tel./fax 022 32 77 043
pediatria@imid.med.pl